Solar wind parameter and seasonal variation effects on the South Atlantic Anomaly using Tsyganenko Models

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We studied the space weather effects on the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) magnetic response using Tsyganenko models. For the physical parameters characterizing the SAA, the study considered the minimum magnetic field, the location (longitude and latitude) of the SAA center, and the area of the SAA. Regarding the space weather parameters, we considered the solar wind dynamic pressure, the interplanetary magnetic field components, <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$B_{yIMF}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>yIMF</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula> and <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$B_{zIMF}$$</jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>zIMF</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math></jats:alternatives></jats:inline-formula>, the <jats:italic>Dst</jats:italic> index, and the geodipole tilting angle. To study the magnetic field response of the SAA, several different versions of the Tsyganenko models, namely, T96, T01, and TS05, were used to describe the external magnetic field contributions. The main internal magnetic field was calculated by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF-12). The magnetic field study of the SAA was realized in long- and short-term (seasonal and diurnal) variations. We found that the <jats:italic>Dst</jats:italic> index and the geodipole tilting angle were the strongest influencing parameters on the SAA magnetic field response at all altitudes. Moreover, it was revealed that both magnetic poles might be a possible cause of the SAA magnetic field response, resulting from the space weather conditions. Furthermore, the magnetic field behavior of the SAA was affected by hourly variations, where the largest changes occurred at dayside.</jats:p>