Optogenetic control of small GTPases reveals RhoA mediates intracellular calcium signaling

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Rho/Ras family small GTPases are known to regulate numerous cellular processes, including cytoskeletal reorganization, cell proliferation, and cell differentiation. These processes are also controlled by Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>, and consequently, crosstalk between these signals is considered likely. However, systematic quantitative evaluation is not yet reported. Thus, we constructed optogenetic tools to control the activity of small GTPases (RhoA, Rac1, Cdc42, Ras, Rap, and Ral) using an improved light-inducible dimer system (iLID). Using these optogenetic tools, we investigated calcium mobilization immediately after small GTPase activation. Unexpectedly, we found that a transient intracellular calcium elevation was specifically induced by RhoA activation in RPE1 and HeLa cells. These findings were confirmed in all the cell lines tested in this study. Of note, molecular mechanisms were identified to be different among cell types. In RPE1 and HeLa cells, RhoA activated phospholipase C epsilon (PLCε) at the plasma membrane, which in turn induced Ca<jats:sup>2+</jats:sup>release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The RhoA-PLCε axis induced calcium-dependent NFAT nuclear translocation, suggesting it does activate intracellular calcium signaling.</jats:p>

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