Anhydrobiosis: Cellular Adaptation to Extreme Dehydration

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The sections in this article are:</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Induction of Anhydrobiosis</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Biochemical Adaptations in Anhydrobiotes</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Accumulation of Sugars by Anhydrobiotes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sugars and the Wafer Replacement Hypothesis</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Other Organic Compounds in Anhydrobiotic Plants</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sugars Stabilize Dry Proteins</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Stabilization of Dried Proteins</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence for Direct Interaction between Sugars and Dry Proteins</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Freezing Proteins</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Preferential Interaction Mechanism and Cryoprotection of Proteins</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Are Freezing and Dehydration Equivalent Stress Vectors?</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Physical Properties of Phospholipids and Consequences of Dehydration</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>The Hydration Force</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Effects of Water on the Physical Properties of Phospholipids</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Physiological Consequences of Dehydration</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Stabilization of Dry Liposomes</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Retention of Trapped Solutes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Is the Bulk Concentration of Trehalose Important for Preservation?</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Effects of Other Sugars</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Mechanism of Stabilization of Dry Bilayers</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Sugars and Lipid Phase Transitions</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>A Corollary to the Phase Transition Model</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Effects of Trehalose on Phase Transitions in Dry<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">DPPC</jats:styled-content></jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Mechanism of Interactions Between Sugars and Phospholipids</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence for Direct Interaction</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>When During the Drying Process Does Direct Interaction Occur?</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Vitrification: An Alternative to the Water Replacement Hypothesis?</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Extension of the Phase Transition Hypothesis to Native Membranes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Extension of the Phase Transition Hypothesis to Intact Cells</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Effects on Phase Transitions in Intact Cells</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>The Phenomenon of Imbibitional Damage</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Escape from Imbibitional Damage</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Effects of Temperature on Leakage</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>What Is the Mechanism of Leakage?</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Evidence for Gel‐to‐Liquid Crystalline Phase Transitions During Imbibition</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Imbibition, Lipid Phase Transitions, and Germination</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>A Hydration‐Dependent Phase Diagram for Dry Cells</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>General Applicability of<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">FTIR</jats:styled-content>for Studies on Anhydrobiotes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Depression of T<jats:sub>m</jats:sub>in Dry Pollen</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Lipid Phase Transitions and Imbibitional Leakage in Dry Yeast</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Toward a Mechanism for Stabilizing Dry Cells</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Potential Routes for the Introduction of Trehalose into Cells</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Studies on Genetics of Trehalose Synthesis</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Survival of Drying by Mutants</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>A Transport System for Trehalose in Yeasts</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conditions for Expression of the Trehalose Transporter</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Prospectus for Stabilizing Dry Cells</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Are Additional Adaptations Required in Anhydrobiosis?</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Studies on Nematodes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Studies on Pollen</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Mechanism of Destabilization of Membranes by Fatty Acids</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Generation of Free Fatty Acids in Dry Bilayers: Oxidation</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Enzymatic Deesterification of Fatty Acids: Lipases</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Is<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PLA</jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2</jats:sub>Active in Dry Bilayers?</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Inhibition of<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PLA</jats:styled-content><jats:sub>2</jats:sub></jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary of Adaptations to Dehydration: Is Trehalose Sufficient?</jats:title></jats:sec>