Cardiovascular Adjustments to Thermal Stress

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The sections in this article are:</jats:p><jats:sec><jats:title>Critique of Some Methods Employed in Humans</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Total and Regional Cutaneous Blood Flow</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cardiac Output</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Central Blood Volume</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Regional Blood Flow</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Measurement of Temperature</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>General Features of the Cutaneous Circulation: A Brief Review</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Cutaneous Blood Flow</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cutaneous Blood Volume</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Innervation of Cutaneous Arterioles</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Local Control of Skin Blood Flow: Interaction With Reflexes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Reflex and Local Control of Cutaneous Veins</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Circulatory Adjustments to Heat Stress in Resting Humans</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Changes in Cardiac Output, Blood Pressure, and Blood Volume</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Distribution of Cardiac Output in Heat‐Stressed Resting Humans</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cardiac Output and Its Distribution in Heat‐Stressed Resting Subhuman Species</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Distribution of Blood Volume in Heat‐Stressed Resting Humans</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Mechanisms of Blood Flow Redistribution in Rest</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Acclimatization in Rest</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Interaction Between Thermoregulatory and Nonthermoregulatory Reflexes in Control of Skin Blood Flow</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Cutaneous Vascular Responses to Baroreflexes</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Cardiopulmonary (Low‐Pressure) Baroreflex</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Postural Influences: Hydrostatic Problem</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Upright Posture in Heat Stress: Interaction Between Reflex Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Exercise</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Possible Modes of Reflex Interaction: Unsolved Problems</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Overall Circulatory Adjustments to Heat Stress and Exercise</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Distribution of Blood Volume</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Redistribution of Blood Flow During Exercise</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Central Circulation</jats:title></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Adaptation to Heat Stress and Exercise: Acclimatization</jats:title></jats:sec></jats:sec>