Alternative reproductive tactics and sex‐biased gene expression: the study of the bulb mite transcriptome

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The sexes experience different selective pressures, which can lead to highly divergent phenotypes that are achieved via sex‐biased gene expression. The effect of sexual dimorphism on the degree of sex‐bias in gene expression can be studied in species characterized by sexually selected alternative male phenotypes. We analyzed gene expression in the bulb mite <jats:italic>Rhizoglyphus robini</jats:italic> (Acari, Acaridae)<jats:italic>,</jats:italic> in which more sexually dimorphic, aggressive fighter males, possessing thickened legs of the third pair which are used to kill rivals, coexist with unarmored scrambler males. We sequenced transcriptomes of adult females and both types of males and de‐novo assembled 114,456 transcriptome‐based gene models (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">TGM</jats:styled-content>s). Significantly more <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">TGM</jats:styled-content>s had male‐biased expression than female‐biased expression. Among <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">TGM</jats:styled-content>s that were over expressed in one, but not both, male morphs (compared to expression in females), we found about four times more fighter‐biased genes than scrambler‐biased genes. This demonstrates that the degree of expression bias reflects the degree of sexually selected dimorphism. However, the number of sex‐biased genes was much higher than the number of genes differentially expressed between male morphs, and most male‐biased genes were shared between morphs, suggesting that selection pressures act similarly on males irrespective of their morph. Furthermore, we found that male‐biased genes evolved at a faster rate than female‐biased genes, as evidenced by a higher rate of both gene‐turnover and amino acid substitution, indicating that sexual selection, acting more strongly on males, accelerates the rate of molecular evolution. Interestingly, gene turnover was relatively higher, but amino acid substitution rate relatively lower among fighter‐biased genes, suggesting that different components of sexual selection may have different effects on the evolution of sex‐biased genes.</jats:p>