One‐Step Formation of Protein‐Based Tubular Structures for Functional Devices and Tissues

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  • Wuyang Gao
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
  • Nima Vaezzadeh
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
  • Kelvin Chow
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada
  • Haotian Chen
    Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
  • Patricia Lavender
    Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
  • Mark D. Jeronimo
    Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
  • Arianna McAllister
    Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto 164 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
  • Onofrio Laselva
    Department of Physiology University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
  • Jia‐Xin Jiang
    Department of Physiology University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
  • Blair K. Gage
    McEwen Stem Cell Institute University Health Network 101 College St, MaRS Center Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
  • Shinichiro Ogawa
    McEwen Stem Cell Institute University Health Network 101 College St, MaRS Center Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
  • Arun Ramchandran
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto 200 College Street Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
  • Christine E. Bear
    Department of Physiology University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto Ontario M5S 1A8 Canada
  • Gordon M. Keller
    McEwen Stem Cell Institute University Health Network 101 College St, MaRS Center Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
  • Axel Günther
    Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering University of Toronto 5 King's College Road Toronto Ontario M5S 3G8 Canada

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Tubular biological structures consisting of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and cells are basic functional units of all organs in animals and humans. ECM protein solutions at low concentrations (5–10 milligrams per milliliter) are abundantly used in 3D cell culture. However, their poor “printability” and minute‐long gelation time have made the direct extrusion of tubular structures in bioprinting applications challenging. Here, this limitation is overcome and the continuous, template‐free conversion of low‐concentration collagen, elastin, and fibrinogen solutions into tubular structures of tailored size and radial, circumferential and axial organization is demonstrated. The approach is enabled by a microfabricated printhead for the consistent circumferential distribution of ECM protein solutions and lends itself to scalable manufacture. The attached confinement accommodates minute‐long residence times for pH, temperature, light, ionic and enzymatic gelation. Chip hosted ECM tubular structures are amenable to perfusion with aqueous solutions and air, and cyclic stretching. Predictive collapse and reopening in a crossed‐tube configuration promote all‐ECM valves and pumps. Tissue level function is demonstrated by factors secreted from cells embedded within the tube wall, as well as endothelial or epithelial barriers lining the lumen. The described approaches are anticipated to find applications in ECM‐based organ‐on‐chip and biohybrid structures, hydraulic actuators, and soft machines.</jats:p>

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