Fluids at the Nanoscale: From Continuum to Subcontinuum Transport

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  • Nikita Kavokine
    Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure (LPENS), CNRS UMR 8023, ENS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France;,
  • Roland R. Netz
    Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
  • Lydéric Bocquet
    Laboratoire de Physique de l'École Normale Supérieure (LPENS), CNRS UMR 8023, ENS, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75005 Paris, France;,

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<jats:p> Nanofluidics has firmly established itself as a new field in fluid mechanics, as novel properties have been shown to emerge in fluids at the nanometric scale. Thanks to recent developments in fabrication technology, artificial nanofluidic systems are now being designed at the scale of biological nanopores. This ultimate step in scale reduction has pushed the development of new experimental techniques and new theoretical tools, bridging fluid mechanics, statistical mechanics, and condensed matter physics. This review is intended as a toolbox for fluids at the nanometer scale. After presenting the basic equations that govern fluid behavior in the continuum limit, we show how these equations break down and new properties emerge in molecular-scale confinement. A large number of analytical estimates and physical arguments are given to organize the results and different limits. </jats:p>

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