Formation and evolution of carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu: Direct evidence from returned samples

  • T. Nakamura
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • M. Matsumoto
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • K. Amano
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • Y. Enokido
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • M. E. Zolensky
    NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA.
  • T. Mikouchi
    The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • H. Genda
    Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
  • S. Tanaka
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Y. Zolotov
    School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
  • K. Kurosawa
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • S. Wakita
    Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
  • R. Hyodo
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • H. Nagano
    Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
  • D. Nakashima
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • Y. Takahashi
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • Y. Fujioka
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • M. Kikuiri
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • E. Kagawa
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • M. Matsuoka
    Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.
  • A. J. Brearley
    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
  • A. Tsuchiyama
    Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
  • M. Uesugi
    Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • J. Matsuno
    Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan.
  • Y. Kimura
    Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
  • M. Sato
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • R. E. Milliken
    Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
  • E. Tatsumi
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • S. Sugita
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • T. Hiroi
    Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
  • K. Kitazato
    Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan.
  • D. Brownlee
    Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
  • D. J. Joswiak
    Department of Astronomy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA.
  • M. Takahashi
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • K. Ninomiya
    Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
  • T. Takahashi
    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.
  • T. Osawa
    Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai 319-1195, Japan.
  • K. Terada
    Department of Earth and Space Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
  • F. E. Brenker
    Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  • B. J. Tkalcec
    Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  • L. Vincze
    Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
  • R. Brunetto
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • A. Aléon-Toppani
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • Q. H. S. Chan
    Department of Earth Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK.
  • M. Roskosz
    Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
  • J.-C. Viennet
    Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
  • P. Beck
    Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble, CNRS, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France.
  • E. E. Alp
    Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
  • T. Michikami
    Faculty of Engineering, Kindai University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-2116, Japan.
  • Y. Nagaashi
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • T. Tsuji
    Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
  • Y. Ino
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • J. Martinez
    NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA.
  • J. Han
    Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
  • A. Dolocan
    Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
  • R. J. Bodnar
    Department of Geoscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
  • M. Tanaka
    Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan.
  • H. Yoshida
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • K. Sugiyama
    Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
  • A. J. King
    Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
  • K. Fukushi
    Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
  • H. Suga
    Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • S. Yamashita
    Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
  • T. Kawai
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • K. Inoue
    Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
  • A. Nakato
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Noguchi
    Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • F. Vilas
    Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
  • A. R. Hendrix
    Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
  • C. Jaramillo-Correa
    The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
  • D. L. Domingue
    Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
  • G. Dominguez
    Department of Physics, California State University, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA.
  • Z. Gainsforth
    Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
  • C. Engrand
    Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Irène Joliot-Curie, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
  • J. Duprat
    Institut de Minéralogie, Physique des Matériaux et Cosmochimie, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
  • S. S. Russell
    Department of Earth Science, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK.
  • E. Bonato
    Institute for Planetary Research, Deutsches Zentrum für Luftund Raumfahrt, Rutherfordstraße 2 12489 Berlin, Germany.
  • C. Ma
    Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena CA 91125, USA.
  • T. Kawamoto
    Department of Geosciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
  • T. Wada
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • S. Watanabe
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • R. Endo
    Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
  • S. Enju
    Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
  • L. Riu
    European Space Astronomy Centre, 28692 Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain.
  • S. Rubino
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • P. Tack
    Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
  • S. Takeshita
    High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.
  • Y. Takeichi
    Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
  • A. Takeuchi
    Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • A. Takigawa
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • D. Takir
    NASA Johnson Space Center; Houston, TX 77058, USA.
  • T. Tanigaki
    Hitachi, Hatoyama 350-0395, Japan.
  • A. Taniguchi
    Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Kumatori 590-0494, Japan.
  • K. Tsukamoto
    Department of Earth Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
  • T. Yagi
    National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
  • S. Yamada
    Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
  • K. Yamamoto
    Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan.
  • Y. Yamashita
    National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan.
  • M. Yasutake
    Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • K. Uesugi
    Scattering and Imaging Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • I. Umegaki
    High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.
  • I. Chiu
    Institute for Radiation Sciences, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan.
  • T. Ishizaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • S. Okumura
    Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • E. Palomba
    Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Rome 00133, Italy.
  • C. Pilorget
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • S. M. Potin
    Laboratoire d’Etudes Spatiales et d’Instrumentation en Astrophysique (LESIA), Observatoire de Paris, Meudon 92195 France.
  • A. Alasli
    Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
  • S. Anada
    Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan.
  • Y. Araki
    Department of Physical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-0058, Japan.
  • N. Sakatani
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • C. Schultz
    Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
  • O. Sekizawa
    Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • S. D. Sitzman
    Physical Sciences Laboratory, The Aerospace Corporation, CA 90245, USA.
  • K. Sugiura
    Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan.
  • M. Sun
    Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, China.
  • E. Dartois
    Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
  • E. De Pauw
    Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
  • Z. Dionnet
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • Z. Djouadi
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • G. Falkenberg
    Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron Photon Science, 22603 Hamburg, Germany.
  • R. Fujita
    Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
  • T. Fukuma
    Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
  • I. R. Gearba
    Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
  • K. Hagiya
    Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
  • M. Y. Hu
    Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
  • T. Kato
    Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya 456-8587, Japan.
  • T. Kawamura
    Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris 75205, France.
  • M. Kimura
    Department of Materials Structure Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan.
  • M. K. Kubo
    Division of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka 181-8585, Japan.
  • F. Langenhorst
    Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany.
  • C. Lantz
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • B. Lavina
    Center for Advanced Radiation Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
  • M. Lindner
    Institute of Geoscience, Goethe University, Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
  • J. Zhao
    Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
  • B. Vekemans
    Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
  • D. Baklouti
    Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France.
  • B. Bazi
    Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S12, Ghent, Belgium.
  • F. Borondics
    Optimized Light Source of Intermediate Energy to LURE (SOLEIL) L’Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur Yvette F-91192, France.
  • S. Nagasawa
    Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8583, Japan.
  • G. Nishiyama
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • K. Nitta
    Spectroscopy Division, Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Sayo 679-5198, Japan.
  • J. Mathurin
    Institut Chimie Physique, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France.
  • T. Matsumoto
    Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • I. Mitsukawa
    Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • H. Miura
    Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
  • A. Miyake
    Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
  • Y. Miyake
    High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tokai 319-1106, Japan.
  • H. Yurimoto
    Department of Natural History Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
  • R. Okazaki
    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
  • H. Yabuta
    Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
  • H. Naraoka
    Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
  • K. Sakamoto
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • S. Tachibana
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • H. C. Connolly
    Department of Geology, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
  • D. S. Lauretta
    Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
  • M. Yoshitake
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Yoshikawa
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Yoshikawa
    Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Yoshihara
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Yokota
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Yogata
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • H. Yano
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Yamamoto
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • D. Yamamoto
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Yamada
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • T. Yamada
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Yada
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Wada
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • T. Usui
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • R. Tsukizaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • F. Terui
    Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kanagawa Institute of Technology, Atsugi 243-0292, Japan.
  • H. Takeuchi
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Takei
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • A. Iwamae
    Marine Works Japan, Yokosuka 237-0063, Japan.
  • H. Soejima
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Shirai
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Shimaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • H. Senshu
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • H. Sawada
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Saiki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Ozaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • G. Ono
    Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Okada
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • N. Ogawa
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Ogawa
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • R. Noguchi
    Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan.
  • H. Noda
    National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka 181-8588, Japan.
  • M. Nishimura
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • N. Namiki
    Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
  • S. Nakazawa
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Morota
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • A. Miyazaki
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • A. Miura
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Mimasu
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Matsumoto
    Department of Space and Astronautical Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
  • K. Kumagai
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Kouyama
    Digital Architecture Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan.
  • S. Kikuchi
    Planetary Exploration Research Center, Chiba Institute of Technology, Narashino 275-0016, Japan.
  • K. Kawahara
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • S. Kameda
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • T. Iwata
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Ishihara
    JAXA Space Exploration Center, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Ishiguro
    Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
  • H. Ikeda
    Research and Development Directorate, JAXA, Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • S. Hosoda
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • R. Honda
    Department of Information Science, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
  • C. Honda
    Aizu Research Center for Space Informatics, The University of Aizu, Aizu-Wakamatsu 965-8580, Japan.
  • Y. Hitomi
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • N. Hirata
    Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
  • T. Hayashi
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • M. Hayakawa
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • K. Hatakeda
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • S. Furuya
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • R. Fukai
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • A. Fujii
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Cho
    Department of Earth and Planetary Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
  • M. Arakawa
    Department of Planetology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
  • M. Abe
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.
  • Y. Tsuda
    Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara 252-5210, Japan.

抄録

<jats:p>Samples of the carbonaceous asteroid Ryugu were brought to Earth by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft. We analyzed 17 Ryugu samples measuring 1 to 8 millimeters. Carbon dioxide–bearing water inclusions are present within a pyrrhotite crystal, indicating that Ryugu’s parent asteroid formed in the outer Solar System. The samples contain low abundances of materials that formed at high temperatures, such as chondrules and calcium- and aluminum-rich inclusions. The samples are rich in phyllosilicates and carbonates, which formed through aqueous alteration reactions at low temperature, high pH, and water/rock ratios of <1 (by mass). Less altered fragments contain olivine, pyroxene, amorphous silicates, calcite, and phosphide. Numerical simulations, based on the mineralogical and physical properties of the samples, indicate that Ryugu’s parent body formed ~2 million years after the beginning of Solar System formation.</jats:p>

収録刊行物

  • Science

    Science 379 (6634), eabn8671-, 2023-02-24

    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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