Differences in the Oral Microbiome in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis and Individuals at Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis Compared to Healthy Individuals

<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective</jats:title><jats:p>It has been suggested that rheumatoid arthritis (RA) may originate at the oral mucosa. The aim of the present study was to assess the oral microbiome and periodontal condition in patients with early RA and individuals at risk of developing RA compared to healthy controls.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>Three groups were recruited (n = 50 participants per group): 1) patients with early RA (meeting the American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology 2010 classification criteria), 2) individuals at risk of developing RA (those with arthralgia who were positive for RA‐associated autoantibodies), and 3) healthy controls. A periodontal examination was conducted to assess the presence of bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD), and periodontal inflamed surface area (PISA). The microbial composition of subgingival dental plaque, saliva, and tongue coating was assessed using 16S ribosomal DNA amplicon sequencing, and findings were compared between groups with permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>There were no significant differences in any of the 3 periodontal variables between patients with early RA, at‐risk individuals, and healthy controls (<jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.70 for BOP, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.30 for PPD, and <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.57 for PISA, by Kruskal‐Wallis test). PERMANOVA analyses comparing microbial composition between the groups showed significant differences in the microbial composition of saliva (F = 2.08, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.0002) and tongue coating (F = 2.04, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.008), but not subgingival dental plaque (F = 0.948, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.51). However, in post hoc tests, no significant differences in microbial composition of the saliva or tongue coating were observed between the early RA group and the at‐risk group (F = 1.12, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.28 for saliva; F = 0.834, <jats:italic>P</jats:italic> = 0.59 for tongue coating). In assessing microbial diversity based on the number of zero‐radius operational taxonomic units per sample, <jats:italic>Prevotella</jats:italic> in the saliva and <jats:italic>Veillonella</jats:italic> in the saliva and tongue coating were each found at a higher relative abundance in samples from patients with early RA and at‐risk individuals compared to healthy controls.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The results show similarities in the oral microbiome between patients with early RA and at‐risk individuals, since in both groups, the oral microbiome was characterized by an increased relative abundance of potentially proinflammatory species when compared to that in healthy controls. These findings suggest a possible association between the oral microbiome and the onset of RA.</jats:p></jats:sec>