Viscoelastic Notch Signaling Hydrogel Induces Liver Bile Duct Organoid Growth and Morphogenesis

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  • Muhammad Rizwan
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
  • Christopher Ling
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
  • Chengyu Guo
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
  • Tracy Liu
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
  • Jia‐Xin Jiang
    Molecular Medicine Programme Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
  • Christine E. Bear
    Molecular Medicine Programme Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
  • Shinichiro Ogawa
    McEwen Stem Cell Institute University Health Network Toronto Ontario M5G 1L7 Canada
  • Molly S. Shoichet
    Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry University of Toronto Toronto Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Cholangiocyte organoids can be used to model liver biliary disease; however, both a defined matrix to emulate cholangiocyte self‐assembly and the mechano‐transduction pathways involved therein remain elusive. A series of defined viscoelastic hyaluronan hydrogels to culture primary cholangiocytes are designed and it is found that by mimicking the stress relaxation rate of liver tissue, cholangiocyte organoid growth can be induced and expression of Yes‐associated protein (YAP) target genes could be significantly increased. Strikingly, inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) does not significantly affect organoid growth in 3D culture, suggesting that mechanical remodeling of the viscoelastic microenvironment—and not MMP‐mediated degradation—is the key to cholangiocyte organoid growth. By immobilizing Jagged1 to the hyaluronan, stress relaxing hydrogel, self‐assembled bile duct structures form in organoid culture, indicating the synergistic effects of Notch signaling and viscoelasticity. By uncovering critical roles of hydrogel viscoelasticity, YAP signaling, and Notch activation, cholangiocyte organogenesis is controlled, thereby paving the way for their use in disease modeling and/or transplantation.</jats:p>

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