The <i>Mastigamoeba balamuthi</i> Genome and the Nature of the Free-Living Ancestor of <i>Entamoeba</i>

  • Vojtěch Žárský
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
  • Vladimír Klimeš
    Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
  • Jan Pačes
    Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Čestmír Vlček
    Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Miluše Hradilová
    Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
  • Vladimír Beneš
    European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Genomics Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
  • Eva Nývltová
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
  • Ivan Hrdý
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
  • Jan Pyrih
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
  • Jan Mach
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
  • Lael Barlow
    Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  • Courtney W Stairs
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  • Laura Eme
    Diversity, Ecology and Evolution of Microbes (DEEM), Unité Ecologie Systématique Evolution Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
  • Neil Hall
    The Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
  • Marek Eliáš
    Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
  • Joel B Dacks
    Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
  • Andrew Roger
    Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  • Jan Tachezy
    Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic

抄録

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>The transition of free-living organisms to parasitic organisms is a mysterious process that occurs in all major eukaryotic lineages. Parasites display seemingly unique features associated with their pathogenicity; however, it is important to distinguish ancestral preconditions to parasitism from truly new parasite-specific functions. Here, we sequenced the genome and transcriptome of anaerobic free-living Mastigamoeba balamuthi and performed phylogenomic analysis of four related members of the Archamoebae, including Entamoeba histolytica, an important intestinal pathogen of humans. We aimed to trace gene histories throughout the adaptation of the aerobic ancestor of Archamoebae to anaerobiosis and throughout the transition from a free-living to a parasitic lifestyle. These events were associated with massive gene losses that, in parasitic lineages, resulted in a reduction in structural features, complete losses of some metabolic pathways, and a reduction in metabolic complexity. By reconstructing the features of the common ancestor of Archamoebae, we estimated preconditions for the evolution of parasitism in this lineage. The ancestor could apparently form chitinous cysts, possessed proteolytic enzyme machinery, compartmentalized the sulfate activation pathway in mitochondrion-related organelles, and possessed the components for anaerobic energy metabolism. After the split of Entamoebidae, this lineage gained genes encoding surface membrane proteins that are involved in host–parasite interactions. In contrast, gene gains identified in the M. balamuthi lineage were predominantly associated with polysaccharide catabolic processes. A phylogenetic analysis of acquired genes suggested an essential role of lateral gene transfer in parasite evolution (Entamoeba) and in adaptation to anaerobic aquatic sediments (Mastigamoeba).</jats:p>

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