A Comparative Overview of the Intracellular Guardians of Plants and Animals: NLRs in Innate Immunity and Beyond

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  • Zane Duxbury
    Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell RG42 6EY, United Kingdom;
  • Chih-hang Wu
    Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
  • Pingtao Ding
    The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom

Abstract

<jats:p> Nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) play important roles in the innate immune systems of both plants and animals. Recent breakthroughs in NLR biochemistry and biophysics have revolutionized our understanding of how NLR proteins function in plant immunity. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in plant NLR biology and draw direct comparisons to NLRs of animals. We discuss different mechanisms by which NLRs recognize their ligands in plants and animals. The discovery of plant NLR resistosomes that assemble in a comparable way to animal inflammasomes reinforces the striking similarities between the formation of plant and animal NLR complexes. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms by which plant NLRs mediate immune responses and draw comparisons to similar mechanisms identified in animals. Finally, we summarize the current knowledge of the complex genetic architecture formed by NLRs in plants and animals and the roles of NLRs beyond pathogen detection. </jats:p>

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