Melanosome Biogenesis in the Pigmentation of Mammalian Skin

  • Linh Le
    Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
  • Julia Sirés-Campos
    Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
  • Graça Raposo
    Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
  • Cédric Delevoye
    Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Paris, 75005, France
  • Michael S Marks
    Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA

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<jats:title>Synopsis</jats:title><jats:p>Melanins, the main pigments of the skin and hair in mammals, are synthesized within membrane-bound organelles of melanocytes called melanosomes. Melanosome structure and function are determined by a cohort of resident transmembrane proteins, many of which are expressed only in pigment cells and localize specifically to melanosomes. Defects in the genes that encode melanosome-specific proteins or components of the machinery required for their transport in and out of melanosomes underlie various forms of ocular or oculocutaneous albinism, characterized by hypopigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes and by visual impairment. We review major components of melanosomes, including the enzymes that catalyze steps in melanin synthesis from tyrosine precursors, solute transporters that allow these enzymes to function, and structural proteins that underlie melanosome shape and melanin deposition. We then review the molecular mechanisms by which these components are biosynthetically delivered to newly forming melanosomes—many of which are shared by other cell types that generate cell type-specific lysosome-related organelles. We also highlight unanswered questions that need to be addressed by future investigation.</jats:p>

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