EMPIRE: A robust empirical reconstruction of solar irradiance variability

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  • K. L. Yeo
    Max‐Planck‐Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Göttingen Germany
  • N. A. Krivova
    Max‐Planck‐Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Göttingen Germany
  • S. K. Solanki
    Max‐Planck‐Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Göttingen Germany

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<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>We present a new empirical model of total and spectral solar irradiance (TSI and SSI) variability entitled EMPirical Irradiance REconstruction (EMPIRE). As with existing empirical models, TSI and SSI variability is given by the linear combination of solar activity indices. In empirical models, UV SSI variability is usually determined by fitting the rotational variability in activity indices to that in measurements. Such models have to date relied on ordinary least squares regression, which ignores the uncertainty in the activity indices. In an advance from earlier efforts, the uncertainty in the activity indices is accounted for in EMPIRE by the application of an error‐in‐variables regression scheme, making the resultant UV SSI variability more robust. The result is consistent with observations and unprecedentedly, with that from other modeling approaches, resolving the long‐standing controversy between existing empirical models and other types of models. We demonstrate that earlier empirical models, by neglecting the uncertainty in activity indices, underestimate UV SSI variability. The reconstruction of TSI and visible and IR SSI from EMPIRE is also shown to be consistent with observations. The EMPIRE reconstruction is of utility to climate studies as a more robust alternative to earlier empirical reconstructions.</jats:p>

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