Representing the acquisition and use of energy by individuals in agent‐based models of animal populations

  • Richard M. Sibly
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Reading RG6 6AS UK
  • Volker Grimm
    Department of Ecological Modelling UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
  • Benjamin T. Martin
    Department of Ecological Modelling UFZ – Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
  • Alice S. A. Johnston
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Reading RG6 6AS UK
  • Katarzyna Kułakowska
    School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading Reading RG6 6AS UK
  • Christopher J. Topping
    Department of BioScience Aarhus University Grenåvej 14 8410 Rønde Denmark
  • Peter Calow
    Office of Research and Economic Development University of Nebraska‐Lincoln 230 Whittier Research Center Lincoln NE 68583‐0857 USA
  • Jacob Nabe‐Nielsen
    Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Frederiksborgvej 399 Postbox 358 4000 Roskilde Denmark
  • Pernille Thorbek
    Environmental Safety, Syngenta Ltd., Jealott's Hill International Research Centre Bracknell Berkshire RG42 6EY UK
  • Donald L. DeAngelis
    U. S. Geological Survey Southeast Ecological Science Center, Department of Biology University of Miami P. O. Box 249118 Coral Gables FL 33124 USA

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<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p><jats:list><jats:list-item><jats:p>Agent‐based models (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ABM</jats:styled-content>s) are widely used to predict how populations respond to changing environments. As the availability of food varies in space and time, individuals should have their own energy budgets, but there is no consensus as to how these should be modelled. Here, we use knowledge of physiological ecology to identify major issues confronting the modeller and to make recommendations about how energy budgets for use in<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ABM</jats:styled-content>s should be constructed.</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Our proposal is that modelled animals forage as necessary to supply their energy needs for maintenance, growth and reproduction. If there is sufficient energy intake, an animal allocates the energy obtained in the order: maintenance, growth, reproduction, energy storage, until its energy stores reach an optimal level. If there is a shortfall, the priorities for maintenance and growth/reproduction remain the same until reserves fall to a critical threshold below which all are allocated to maintenance. Rates of ingestion and allocation depend on body mass and temperature. We make suggestions for how each of these processes should be modelled mathematically.</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>Mortality rates vary with body mass and temperature according to known relationships, and these can be used to obtain estimates of background mortality rate.</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>If parameter values cannot be obtained directly, then values may provisionally be obtained by parameter borrowing, pattern‐oriented modelling, artificial evolution or from allometric equations.</jats:p></jats:list-item><jats:list-item><jats:p>The development of<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ABM</jats:styled-content>s incorporating individual energy budgets is essential for realistic modelling of populations affected by food availability. Such<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">ABM</jats:styled-content>s are already being used to guide conservation planning of nature reserves and shell fisheries, to assess environmental impacts of building proposals including wind farms and highways and to assess the effects on nontarget organisms of chemicals for the control of agricultural pests.</jats:p></jats:list-item></jats:list></jats:p>

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