The crystal chemistry and paragenesis of honessite and hydrohonessite: the sulphate analogues of reevesite

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Honessite and hydrohonessite from Unst, Shetland, and Linden, Wisconsin, are sulphate-containing members of the pyroaurite group and are analogous to reevesite. The structural formula can be written (Ni<jats:sub>5.55</jats:sub>Mg<jats:sub>0.10</jats:sub>Fe<jats:sub>2.35</jats:sub><jats:sup>3+</jats:sup>)(OH)<jats:sub>16</jats:sub>(SO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>)<jats:sub>1.18</jats:sub>.<jats:italic>x</jats:italic>H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O for the Unst material, with sulphate groups replacing the interlayer carbonate groups in reevesite. Microprobe analyses of the Unst material show amounts of SO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> in excess of that required to balance all trivalent cations and this may be due to the presence of an amorphous nickel sulphate material. We find no evidence for the presence of trivalent nickel in honessite.</jats:p><jats:p>The Unst material occurs in both 8.8 (honessite) and 11.1 Å (hydrohonessite) forms, depending on composition, humidity, and temperature, similar to carrboydite, motukoreaite, and SO<jats:sub>4</jats:sub>-exchanged takovite. The Wisconsin material occurs only with an 8.8 A basal spacing. The increase from the 7.7 Å basal spacing of reevesite is due to the difference in molecular geometry of carbonate and sulphate groups. The presence of the sulphate molecule is unambiguously shown by the infra-red spectra, and the observed bands are consistent with the sulphate groups lying in the interlayer with their trigonal axes parallel to <jats:italic>c</jats:italic>. The Unst material is found intimately mixed in variable proportions with reevesite, distributed in patches on chromite, and the mixed nature is revealed by X-ray powder diffraction, by variations in total SO<jats:sub>3</jats:sub> content, and by the presence of absorptions due to both SO<jats:sup>2-</jats:sup><jats:sub>4</jats:sub> and CO<jats:sup>2-</jats:sup><jats:sub>3</jats:sub> in the infra-red spectra. </jats:p>