Tropospheric ozone assessment report: Global ozone metrics for climate change, human health, and crop/ecosystem research
-
- Allen S. Lefohn
- A.S.L. & Associates, Helena. MT, US
-
- Christopher S. Malley
- Stockholm Environment Institute, Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
-
- Luther Smith
- Alion Science and Technology, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, US
-
- Benjamin Wells
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
-
- Milan Hazucha
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, US
-
- Heather Simon
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, US
-
- Vaishali Naik
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, US
-
- Gina Mills
- NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, UK
-
- Martin G. Schultz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, DE
-
- Elena Paoletti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Florence, IT
-
- Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, IT
-
- Xiaobin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, CN
-
- Li Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
-
- Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, CN
-
- Howard S. Neufeld
- Department of Biology, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, US
-
- Robert C. Musselman
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO, US
-
- David Tarasick
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, ON, CA
-
- Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA
-
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, CN
-
- Haoye Tang
- Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, CN
-
- Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, JP
-
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 route du Pin Montard BP234, Sophia Antipolis, FR
-
- Sverre Solberg
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, NO
-
- Giacomo Gerosa
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Brescia, IT
-
- Detlev Helmig
- editor
- Institute of Alpine and Arctic Research, University of Colorado Boulder US
-
- Alastair Lewis
- editor
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York UK
Abstract
<jats:p>Assessment of spatial and temporal variation in the impacts of ozone on human health, vegetation, and climate requires appropriate metrics. A key component of the Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is the consistent calculation of these metrics at thousands of monitoring sites globally. Investigating temporal trends in these metrics required that the same statistical methods be applied across these ozone monitoring sites. The nonparametric Mann-Kendall test (for significant trends) and the Theil-Sen estimator (for estimating the magnitude of trend) were selected to provide robust methods across all sites. This paper provides the scientific underpinnings necessary to better understand the implications of and rationale for selecting a specific TOAR metric for assessing spatial and temporal variation in ozone for a particular impact. The rationale and underlying research evidence that influence the derivation of specific metrics are given. The form of 25 metrics (4 for model-measurement comparison, 5 for characterization of ozone in the free troposphere, 11 for human health impacts, and 5 for vegetation impacts) are described. Finally, this study categorizes health and vegetation exposure metrics based on the extent to which they are determined only by the highest hourly ozone levels, or by a wider range of values. The magnitude of the metrics is influenced by both the distribution of hourly average ozone concentrations at a site location, and the extent to which a particular metric is determined by relatively low, moderate, and high hourly ozone levels. Hence, for the same ozone time series, changes in the distribution of ozone concentrations can result in different changes in the magnitude and direction of trends for different metrics. Thus, dissimilar conclusions about the effect of changes in the drivers of ozone variability (e.g., precursor emissions) on health and vegetation exposure can result from the selection of different metrics.</jats:p>
Journal
-
- Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
-
Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 6 2018-01-01
University of California Press
- Tweet
Details 詳細情報について
-
- CRID
- 1361137046444611584
-
- ISSN
- 23251026
-
- Data Source
-
- Crossref