The State of Stress on the Fault Before, During, and After a Major Earthquake
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- Emily E. Brodsky
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
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- James J. Mori
- Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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- Louise Anderson
- Total E&P UK Limited, Westhill AB32 6JZ, United Kingdom
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- Frederick M. Chester
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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- Marianne Conin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, GeoRessources, 54000 Nancy, France
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- Eric M. Dunham
- Department of Geophysics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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- Nobu Eguchi
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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- Patrick M. Fulton
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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- Ryota Hino
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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- Takehiro Hirose
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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- Matt J. Ikari
- MARUM—Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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- Tsuyoshi Ishikawa
- Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kochi 783-8502, Japan
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- Tamara Jeppson
- Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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- Yasuyuki Kano
- Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
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- James Kirkpatrick
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
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- Shuichi Kodaira
- Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
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- Weiren Lin
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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- Yasuyuki Nakamura
- Research Institute for Marine Geodynamics, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama 236-0001, Japan
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- Hannah S. Rabinowitz
- US Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20024, USA
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- Christine Regalla
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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- Francesca Remitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy 41125
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- Christie Rowe
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
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- Demian M. Saffer
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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- Saneatsu Saito
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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- James Sample
- School of Earth and Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011, USA
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- Yoshinori Sanada
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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- Heather M. Savage
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA;
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- Tianhaozhe Sun
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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- Sean Toczko
- Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka-city, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
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- Kohtaro Ujiie
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0006, Japan
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- Monica Wolfson-Schwehr
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, California 95039-0628, USA
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- Tao Yang
- Hubei Subsurface Multi-Scale Imaging Key Laboratory, Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
書誌事項
- 公開日
- 2020-05-30
- 資源種別
- journal article
- DOI
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- 10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060507
- 公開者
- Annual Reviews
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説明
<jats:p> Earthquakes occur by overcoming fault friction; therefore, quantifying fault resistance is central to earthquake physics. Values for both static and dynamic friction are required, and the latter is especially difficult to determine on natural faults. However, large earthquakes provide signals that can determine friction in situ. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project (JFAST), an Integrated Ocean Discovery Program expedition, determined stresses by collecting data directly from the fault 1–2 years after the 2011 M<jats:sub>w</jats:sub> 9.1 Tohoku earthquake. Geological, rheological, and geophysical data record stress before, during, and after the earthquake. Together, the observations imply that the shear strength during the earthquake was substantially below that predicted by the traditional Byerlee's law. Locally the stress drop appears near total, and stress reversal is plausible. Most solutions to the energy balance require off-fault deformation to account for dissipation during rupture. These observations make extreme coseismic weakening the preferred model for fault behavior. ▪ Determining the friction during an earthquake is required to understand when and where earthquakes occur. ▪ Drilling into the Tohoku fault showed that friction during the earthquake was low. ▪ Dynamic friction during the earthquake was lower than static friction. ▪ Complete stress drop is possible, and stress reversal is plausible. </jats:p>
収録刊行物
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- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
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Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 48 (1), 49-74, 2020-05-30
Annual Reviews
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詳細情報 詳細情報について
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- CRID
- 1361412896196728192
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- ISSN
- 15454495
- 00846597
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- HANDLE
- 11380/1184641
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- 資料種別
- journal article
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- KAKEN
- OpenAIRE