An improved system for estradiol-dependent regulation of gene expression in yeast

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p> <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</jats:italic> is widely utilized in basic research as a model eukaryotic organism and in biotechnology as a host for heterologous protein production. Both activities demand the use of highly regulated systems, able to provide accurate control of gene expression in functional analysis, and timely recombinant protein synthesis during fermentative production. The tightly regulated <jats:italic>GAL1-10</jats:italic> promoter is commonly used. However, induction of the <jats:italic>GAL</jats:italic> system requires the presence of the rather expensive inducer galactose and the absence of glucose in the culture media. An alternative to regulate transcription driven by <jats:italic>GAL</jats:italic> promoters, free of general metabolic changes, is the incorporation of the hybrid Gal4-ER-VP16 protein developed by D. Picard. This chimeric protein provides galactose-independent activation of transcription from <jats:italic>GAL</jats:italic> promoters in response to β-estradiol, even in the presence of glucose. However, constitutive expression of this transactivator results in relatively high basal activity of the <jats:italic>GAL</jats:italic> promoters, therefore limiting the gene expression capacity that is required for a number of applications.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>In order to improve this expression tool, we have introduced additional regulatory elements allowing a simultaneous control of both the abundance and the intrinsic activity of the Gal4-ER-VP16 chimeric transactivator. The most efficient combination was obtained by placing the coding sequence of the hybrid activator under the control of the <jats:italic>GAL1</jats:italic> promoter. This configuration results in an amplification feedback loop that is triggered by the hormone, and ultimately leads to the enhanced regulation of recombinant genes when these are also driven by a <jats:italic>GAL1</jats:italic> promoter. The basal expression level of this system is as low as that of native <jats:italic>GAL</jats:italic>-driven genes in glucose-containing media.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title> <jats:p>The feedback regulatory loop that we have engineered allows a 250-fold induction of the regulated gene, without increasing the basal activity of the target promoter, and achieving a 12-fold higher regulation efficiency than the previous configuration.</jats:p> </jats:sec>