Real‐time <i>in vivo</i> cancer diagnosis using raman spectroscopy

<jats:p>Raman spectroscopy has becoming a practical tool for rapid <jats:italic>in vivo </jats:italic>tissue diagnosis. This paper provides an overview on the latest development of real‐time <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> Raman systems for cancer detection. Instrumentation, data handling, as well as oncology applications of Raman techniques were covered. Optic fiber probes designs for Raman spectroscopy were discussed. Spectral data pre‐processing, feature extraction, and classification between normal/benign and malignant tissues were surveyed. Applications of Raman techniques for clinical diagnosis for different types of cancers, including skin cancer, lung cancer, stomach cancer, oesophageal cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, and breast cancer, were summarized. <jats:boxed-text content-type="graphic" position="anchor"><jats:caption><jats:p>Schematic of a real‐time Raman spectrometer for skin cancer detection. Without correction, the image captured on CCD camera for a straight entrance slit has a curvature. By arranging the optic fiber array in reverse orientation, the curvature could be effectively corrected.</jats:p></jats:caption><jats:graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" mimetype="image/png" position="anchor" specific-use="enlarged-web-image" xlink:href="graphic/jbio201400026-gra-0001-m.png"><jats:alt-text>magnified image</jats:alt-text><jats:caption><jats:p>Schematic of a real‐time Raman spectrometer for skin cancer detection. Without correction, the image captured on CCD camera for a straight entrance slit has a curvature. By arranging the optic fiber array in reverse orientation, the curvature could be effectively corrected.</jats:p></jats:caption></jats:graphic></jats:boxed-text></jats:p>