Tracing radioactive cesium in stem wood of three Japanese conifer species 3 years after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>To understand the dynamics of accident-derived radioactive cesium (<jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs) in stem wood that had a substantial amount of heartwood at the time of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the radial and vertical distributions of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs activity concentration in stem wood of Japanese cedar (<jats:italic>Cryptomeria japonica</jats:italic>), cypress (<jats:italic>Chamaecyparis obtusa</jats:italic>), and larch (<jats:italic>Larix kaempferi</jats:italic>) were investigated. In addition, the natural distribution of stable cesium (<jats:sup>133</jats:sup>Cs), rubidium (<jats:sup>85</jats:sup>Rb), and potassium (<jats:sup>39</jats:sup>K) concentrations was analyzed to determine the characteristics of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs distribution. Wood disks were collected from the tree stems of six cedars, three cypresses, and two larches at multiple heights in 2014, and the concentrations were measured every 2 cm in the radial direction. <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs distribution in stem wood differed among tree species, sampling site, and vertical position of the stem within a tree. Statistical analyses suggested that the radial distribution of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs within the heartwood can be explained by the heartwood moisture content and the distance from the treetop, regardless of species, while the distribution between sapwood and heartwood was dependent on the heartwood cross-sectional area and was additionally different between larch and other species. Similarly, the heartwood/sapwood concentration ratios of stable alkali metals differed between larch and the other species. In the larch, the ratio was ca. 0.5 for all elements, but the ratio was over 1.0 and differed among elements in the other species. Consequently, the species-specific difference in the distribution of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs between sapwood and heartwood was considered to be due to different activity levels of radial transport toward the heartwood. The radial variation pattern of the <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs/<jats:sup>133</jats:sup>Cs concentration ratio showed that less <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs was transferred to the inner heartwood compared with the <jats:sup>133</jats:sup>Cs distribution pattern in many trees; however, there was also a tree in which <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs was excessively transferred to the inner heartwood compared with the <jats:sup>133</jats:sup>Cs distribution pattern. Such patterns may result from a combination of significant foliar uptake of <jats:sup>137</jats:sup>Cs and poor root uptake after the accident, in addition to the high moisture content of the heartwood.</jats:p>