DNA amplification method tolerant to sample degradation

<jats:p>Despite recent advances in linear whole genome amplification of intact DNA/RNA, amplification of degraded nucleic acids in an unbiased fashion remains a serious challenge for genetic diagnosis. We describe a new whole genome amplification procedure, RCA–RCA (<jats:underline>R</jats:underline>estriction and <jats:underline>C</jats:underline>ircularization-<jats:underline>A</jats:underline>ided <jats:underline>R</jats:underline>olling <jats:underline>C</jats:underline>ircle <jats:underline>A</jats:underline>mplification), which retains the allelic differences among degraded amplified genomes while achieving almost complete genome coverage. RCA–RCA utilizes restriction digestion and whole genome circularization to generate genomic sequences amenable to rolling circle amplification. When intact genomic DNA is used, RCA–RCA retains gene-amplification differences (twofold or higher) between complex genomes on a genome-wide scale providing highly improved concordance with unamplified material as compared with other amplification methodologies including multiple displacement amplification. Using RCA–RCA, formalin-fixed samples of modest or substantial DNA degradation were successfully amplified and screened via array-CGH or Taqman PCR that displayed retention of the principal gene amplification features of the original material. Microsatellite analysis revealed that RCA–RCA amplified genomic DNA is representative of the original material at the nucleotide level. Amplification of cDNA is successfully performed via RCA–RCA and results to unbiased gene expression analysis (R<jats:sup>2</jats:sup> = 0.99). The simplicity and universal applicability of RCA–RCA make it a powerful new tool for genome analysis with unique advantages over previous amplification technologies.</jats:p>