Energy and material flows of megacities

  • Christopher A. Kennedy
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4J 3K1, Canada;
  • Iain Stewart
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4J 3K1, Canada;
  • Angelo Facchini
    Enel Foundation, 00198, Rome, Italy;
  • Igor Cersosimo
    Enel Foundation, 00198, Rome, Italy;
  • Renata Mele
    Enel Foundation, 00198, Rome, Italy;
  • Bin Chen
    School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 100875;
  • Mariko Uda
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4J 3K1, Canada;
  • Arun Kansal
    Department of Energy and Environment, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, DL 110070, India;
  • Anthony Chiu
    Department of Industrial Engineering, De La Salle University, Malate, Manila, 1004 Metro Manila, Philippines;
  • Kwi-gon Kim
    Department of Landscape and Ecological Planning, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea 151-742;
  • Carolina Dubeux
    Coimbra Institute of Postgraduate Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil;
  • Emilio Lebre La Rovere
    Coimbra Institute of Postgraduate Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil;
  • Bruno Cunha
    Coimbra Institute of Postgraduate Research in Engineering, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, University City, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-901, Brazil;
  • Stephanie Pincetl
    Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095;
  • James Keirstead
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Laing O'Rourke Centre for Systems Engineering and Innovation, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom;
  • Sabine Barles
    Institute of Geography, University of Paris, 75005 Paris, France;
  • Semerdanta Pusaka
    Department of Accounting, Trisakti University, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta 11440, Indonesia;
  • Juniati Gunawan
    Department of Accounting, Trisakti University, Jakarta Barat, DKI Jakarta 11440, Indonesia;
  • Michael Adegbile
    Department of Architecture, University of Lagos, Lagos 23401, Nigeria;
  • Mehrdad Nazariha
    Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran;
  • Shamsul Hoque
    Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh;
  • Peter J. Marcotullio
    Department of Geography, Hunter College, New York, NY 10065;
  • Florencia González Otharán
    Environmental Strategies Department, Environmental Protection Agency, Government of Buenos Aires City, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
  • Tarek Genena
    EcoConServ Environmental Solutions, Zamalek, Cairo, Egypt 11211;
  • Nadine Ibrahim
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4J 3K1, Canada;
  • Rizwan Farooqui
    Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, NED University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi 75270, Pakistan;
  • Gemma Cervantes
    Department of Civil Engineering, University of Guanajuato, CP 36000, Guanajuato, Mexico; and
  • Ahmet Duran Sahin
    Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey

書誌事項

公開日
2015-04-27
DOI
  • 10.1073/pnas.1504315112
公開者
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

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説明

<jats:title>Significance</jats:title><jats:p>Our quantification of energy and material flows for the world’s 27 megacities is a major undertaking, not previously achieved. The sheer magnitude of these flows (e.g., 9% of global electricity, 10% of gasoline; 13% of solid waste) shows the importance of megacities in addressing global environmental challenges. In aggregate the resource flows through megacities are consistent with scaling laws for cities. Statistical relations are established for electricity use, heating/industrial fuels, ground transportation, water consumption, waste generation, and steel production in terms of heating-degree days, urban form, economic activity, and population growth. Analysis at the microscale shows that electricity use is strongly correlated with building floor area, explaining the macroscale correlation between per capita electricity use and urbanized area per capita.</jats:p>

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