The mTOR signal regulates myeloid-derived suppressor cells differentiation and immunosuppressive function in acute kidney injury

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal controls innate and adaptive immune response in multiple immunoregulatory contexts. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells of potent immunosuppressive capacity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of MDSCs in the protection of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the regulation of mTOR signal on MDSC’s protective role in this context. In mice AKI model, rapamycin administration was associated with improved renal function, restored histological damage and decreased CD4<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> and CD8<jats:sup>+</jats:sup> T-cell infiltration in kidney tissue. MDSCs, especially CD11b<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6G<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6C<jats:sup>low</jats:sup> G-MDSCs were recruited to the injured kidney following the interaction of CXCL1, CXCL2 and their receptor CXCR2 after inhibiting mTOR signal with rapamycin treatment. The adoptive transfer of rapamycin-treated MDSCs into the mice with AKI significantly improved the renal function, ameliorated histologic damages and limited the infiltration of T cells in kidney tissue. In addition, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1<jats:italic>β</jats:italic> and IFN-<jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> mRNA was downregulated while the expression of TGF-<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>1 and Foxp3 mRNA was upregulated in kidney tissue after transferring rapamycin-treated MDSCs. Adoptive transfer of rapamycin-treated MDSCs also downregulated the serum levels of IL-1<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>, IL-6 and IFN-<jats:italic>γ</jats:italic> and upregulated the serum levels of TGF-<jats:italic>β</jats:italic>1 compared with the IR group and PBS-treated MDSC group. In <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> study, inhibiting mTOR signal regulated the induction of MDSC towards the CD11b<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6G<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6C<jats:sup>low</jats:sup> G-MDSC subset. The ability to suppress T-cell proliferation of both bone marrow–derived CD11b<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6G<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6C<jats:sup>low</jats:sup> G-MDSCs and CD11b<jats:sup>+</jats:sup>Ly6G<jats:sup>-</jats:sup>Ly6C<jats:sup>high</jats:sup> M-MDSCs was enhanced by mTOR signal inhibition via upregulating the expression of Arginase-1 and iNOS. Accordingly, both G-MDSCs and M-MDSCs presented downregulated <jats:italic>runx1</jats:italic> gene expression after rapamycin treatment. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MDSCs ameliorated AKI and the protective effect was enhanced by mTOR signal inhibition via promoting MDSCs recruitment, regulating the induction of MDSCs and strengthening their immunosuppressive activity.</jats:p>