Rehabilitating the cyanobacteria – niche partitioning, resource use efficiency and phytoplankton community structure during diazotrophic cyanobacterial blooms

<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p> <jats:list> <jats:list-item><jats:p>Blooms of nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria are recurrent phenomena in marine and freshwater habitats, and their supplying role in aquatic biogeochemical cycles is generally considered vital. The objective of this study was to analyse whether an increasing proportion of nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacteria affects (i) the composition of the non‐diazotrophic component of ambient phytoplankton communities and (ii) resource use efficiency (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RUE</jats:styled-content>; ratio of Chl <jats:italic>a</jats:italic> to total nutrients) – an important ecosystem function. We hypothesize that diazotrophs increase community P use and decrease N use efficiencies, as new N is brought into the system, relaxing N, and concomitantly aggravating P limitation. We test this by analysing an extensive data set from the Baltic Sea (> 3700 quantitative phytoplankton samples), known to harbour conspicuous and recurrent blooms of <jats:italic>Nodularia spumigena</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aphanizomenon</jats:italic> sp.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p>System‐level phosphorus use efficiency (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RUE<jats:sub>P</jats:sub></jats:styled-content>) was positively related to high proportion of diazotrophic cyanobacteria, suggesting aggravation of phosphorus limitation. However, concomitant decrease of nitrogen use efficiency (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RUE<jats:sub>N</jats:sub></jats:styled-content>) was not observed. <jats:italic>Nodularia spumigena</jats:italic>, a dominant diazotroph and a notorious toxin producer, had a significantly stronger relationship with <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">RUE<jats:sub>P</jats:sub></jats:styled-content>, compared to the competing non‐toxic <jats:italic>Aphanizomenon</jats:italic> sp., confirming niche differentiation in P acquisition strategies between the major bloom‐forming cyanobacterial species in the Baltic Sea. <jats:italic>Nodularia</jats:italic> occurrences were associated with stronger temperature stratification in more offshore environments, indicating higher reliance on <jats:italic>in situ</jats:italic> P regeneration.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p>By using constrained and unconstrained ordination, permutational multivariate analysis of variance and local similarity analysis, we show that diazotrophic cyanobacteria explained no more than a few percentage of the ambient phytoplankton community variation. The analyses furthermore yielded rather evenly distributed negative and positive effects on individual co‐occurring phytoplankton taxa, with no obvious phylogenetic or functional trait‐based patterns.</jats:p></jats:list-item> <jats:list-item><jats:p><jats:italic>Synthesis</jats:italic>. Our study reveals that despite the widely acknowledged noxious impacts of cyanobacterial blooms, the overall effect on phytoplankton community structure is minor. There are no predominantly positive or negative associations with ambient phytoplankton species. Species‐specific niche differences in cyanobacterial resource acquisition affect important ecosystem functions, such as biomass production per unit limiting resource.</jats:p></jats:list-item> </jats:list> </jats:p>