Somatic embryogenesis and plantlet development in <i>Pinus sylvestris</i> and <i>Pinus pinaster</i> on medium with and without growth regulators

<jats:p>To initiate somatic embryogenesis in <jats:italic>Pinus sylvestris</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pinus pinaster</jats:italic>, immature seeds were collected from June to August and the developmental stage of the zygotic embryos was determined. Four developmental stages were distinguished and the response of the zygotic embryos at each of the four developmental stages was compared intra‐ and inter‐species. For this study, modified Litvay's medium (LM), with or without growth regulators, was chosen. Somatic embryogenesis was initiated and maintained on both media but the two species displayed different propensities. In <jats:italic>P. sylvestris,</jats:italic> the highest initiation frequency was obtained with intact megagametophytes containing embryos at the four‐cell stage to the stage of cleavage polyembryony (up to 22 and 9%, respectively). The culture medium had no significant effect on the initiation and proliferation of embryogenic cultures. In <jats:italic>P. pinaster</jats:italic>, however, the best response occurred from excised zygotic embryos at the stage prior to elongation of cotyledon primordia (up to 40% explants responded), on medium with growth regulators. Another characteristic distinguishing the two species in culture was that in some embryogenic cell lines of <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic>, somatic embryos matured spontaneously when initiated and maintained on medium without growth regulators. Some of these embryos developed into plantlets on the same medium at the frequency of 40%. Therefore, in <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> all the stages of somatic embryogenesis were achieved on the medium without growth regulators. However, in both species, maturation of a large number of somatic embryos was greatly improved on medium containing high concentration of gellan gum (Gelrite 10 g l<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>) and abscisic acid (60 μ<jats:italic>M</jats:italic>). Cotyledonary somatic embryos subsequently germinated (72 and 80% for <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. pinaster</jats:italic>, respectively) and developed into plantlets (48 and 29%, for <jats:italic>P. sylvestris</jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P. pinaster,</jats:italic> respectively). This represents a significant improvement in plantlet recovery from somatic embryos of both species.</jats:p>