Non-linear amplification of graded voltage signals in the first-order visual interneurons of the butterfly<i>Papilio xuthus</i>

<jats:p>Lamina monopolar cells (LMCs) are the first-order visual interneurons of insects and crustacea, primarily involved in achromatic vision. Here we investigated morphological and electrophysiological properties of LMCs in the butterfly Papilio xuthus. Using intracellular recording coupled with dye injection, we found two types of LMCs. Cells with roundish terminals near the distal surface of the medulla demonstrating no or small depolarizing spikes were classified as L1/2. LMCs with elongated terminals deep in the medulla that showed prominent spiking were classified as L3/4. The majority of LMCs of both types had broad spectral sensitivities, peaking between 480 and 570 nm. Depending on the experimental conditions, spikes varied from small to action potential-like events, with their amplitudes and rates decreasing as stimulus brightness increased. When the eye was stimulated with naturalistic contrast-modulated time series, spikes were reliably triggered by high-contrast components of the stimulus. Spike-triggered average functions showed that spikes emphasize rapid membrane depolarizations. Our results suggest that spikes are mediated by voltage-activated Na+ channels, which are mainly inactivated at rest. Strong local minima in the coherence functions of spiking LMCs indicate that the depolarizing conductance contributes to the amplification of graded responses even when detectable spikes are not evoked. We propose that the information transfer strategies of spiking LMCs change with light intensity. In dim light, both graded voltage signals and large spikes are used together without mutual interference, due to separate transmission bandwidths. In bright light, signals are non-linearly amplified by the depolarizing conductance in the absence of detectable spikes.</jats:p>