Development and quality of porcine embryos in different culture system and embryo-producing methods

<jats:title>SUMMARY</jats:title><jats:p>In this study, the developmental ability and cellular composition of porcine IVF, parthenote and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos were evaluated following different<jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>culture systems. Group 1, embryos were cultured in NCSU-23 with 5.55 mM<jats:sc>D</jats:sc>-glucose (NCSU+) until day 6 on 20% O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>or 5% O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(Group 2). Group 3, embryos were cultured in<jats:sc>D</jats:sc>-glucose-free NCSU-23 (NCSU−) with 0.17 mM Na pyruvate/2.73 mM Na lactate for 58 h and subsequently cultured in NCSU+ until day 6 (NCSU −/+) on 20% O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>or 5% O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>(Group 4). IVF blastocysts did not differ significantly with O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>concentrations, but differed significantly with major energy source (glucose and pyruvate/lactate). In Group 3 and 4 IVF blastocysts, the total cell number and apoptosis rates were not significantly different with different O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>concentrations. Blastocyst rate, total cell number and apoptosis rate in Groups 3 and 4 parthenote embryos also were not significantly different. Parthenote and SCNT, under the same culture treatment, exhibited significant differences in blastocyst and apoptosis rates (47.5 ± 16.1 vs. 24.0 ± 4.0 and 4.9 ± 9.0 vs. 22.8 ± 23.3). Apoptosis-generating rate increased in the order parthenote, IVF and then SCNT. In conclusion,<jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>development of porcine embryos was not affected by O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>concentrations but was affected by major energy source. Even so, the concentration of each major energy source and the timing of its inclusion in culture could accomplish relatively high embryonic development, the apoptosis rate stressed that more work still needs to be done in developing a better defined culture system that could support SCNT embryos equivalent to<jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>preimplantation porcine embryos.</jats:p>