Ion‐neutral coupling in the high‐latitude <i>F</i> region: Evaluation of ion heating terms from Dynamics Explorer 2

<jats:p>We study a set of south (summer) polar passes from the Dynamics Explorer 2 data base that provide measurements of ion and neutral velocities along the track of the spacecraft for various geomagnetic conditions. The ion velocities are obtained from the ion drift meter and the retarding potential analyzer instruments; the neutral velocities are obtained from the Fabry‐Perot interferometer and the wind and temperature spectrometer instruments. These data enable a direct determination of the in situ ion‐neutral difference velocity. Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric composition using the neutral atmosphere composition spectrometer and of electron temperatures and densities using the Langmuir probe enable the ion heating and cooling rates to be determined. The rates are discussed in relationship to values for the electron, ion, and neutral kinetic temperatures. The comprehensive nature of the data set allows for a quantitative study of ion‐neutral coupling and, in particular, affords a more rigorous test of the common assumptions used in the ion energy equation than has been previously possible. From our study we find the following: (1) The ion‐neutral difference velocities, which drive the Joule heating, have a complex morphology that depends on the stability of the high‐latitude ion convection and the inertia of the neutral gas. (2) Ionospheric “hot spots” are observed to be related to large perpendicular electric fields that give rise to frictional (Joule) heating. (3) These events are often seen to occur in conjunction with troughs in the electron density and with decreases in the ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen. In such cases, momentum transfer to the neutral gas is reduced, and the ion‐neutral velocity difference and associated Joule heating can be maintained over longer time periods. (4) An approximate balance between local frictional heating of the ions and local cooling of the ions to the neutrals is seen in regions of strong ion convection. The commonly used approximate form of the ion energy equation involving only local processes appears at times, however, to be inadequate for large regions of the summer polar cap. The ion temperatures observed in these regions are higher than expected from simple local heating/local cooling arguments. Additional source(s) of ion heating would be required to provide energy balance.</jats:p>