Osteoinductive potential of a novel biphasic calcium phosphate bone graft in comparison with autographs, xenografts, and <scp>DFDBA</scp>

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives</jats:title><jats:p>Since the original description of osteoinduction in the early 20th century, the study and development of innovative biomaterials has emerged. Recently, novel synthetic bone grafts have been reported with potential to form ectopic bone <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>. However, their full characterization in comparison with other leading bone grafts has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the osteoinductive potential of bone grafts by comparing autogenous bone grafts, demineralized freeze‐dried bone allografts (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">DFDBA</jats:styled-content>), a commonly utilized natural bone mineral (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">NBM</jats:styled-content>) from bovine origin (Bio‐Oss), and a newly developed biphasic calcium phosphate (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BCP</jats:styled-content>).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods</jats:title><jats:p>Grafts were compared <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> for their ability to stimulate bone marrow stromal cell (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BMSC</jats:styled-content>) migration, proliferation, and differentiation as assessed by quantitative real‐time <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">PCR</jats:styled-content> for genes coding for bone markers including Runx2, collagen I, and osteocalcin. Furthermore, bone grafts were implanted in the calf muscle of 12 beagle dogs to determine their potential to form ectopic bone <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic> results demonstrate that both autografts and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">DFDBA</jats:styled-content> show potential for cell recruitment, whereas only autografts and <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BCP</jats:styled-content> demonstrated the ability to differentiate <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BMSC</jats:styled-content>s toward the osteoblast lineage. The <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic> ectopic bone model demonstrated that while <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">NBM</jats:styled-content> particles were not osteoinductive and autogenous bone grafts were resorbed quickly <jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>, ectopic bone formation was reported in <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">DFDBA</jats:styled-content> and in synthetic <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BCP</jats:styled-content> grafts.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>The modifications in nanotopography and chemical composition of the newly developed <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BCP</jats:styled-content> bone grafts significantly promoted ectopic bone formation confirming their osteoinductive potential. In conclusion, the results from this study provide evidence that synthetic bone grafts not only serve as a three‐dimensional scaffold but are also able to promote osteoinduction.</jats:p></jats:sec>