Green leaf volatile production by plants: a meta‐analysis

<jats:sec><jats:label /><jats:p> <jats:table-wrap position="anchor"> <jats:table frame="hsides"> <jats:col /> <jats:col /> <jats:col /> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td /> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-1002">Summary</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>666</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>I.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0002">Introduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>667</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>II.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0003">Biosynthesis</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>667</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>III.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0004">Meta‐analysis</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>669</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>IV.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0005">The type of stress influences the total amount of GLVs released</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>669</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>V.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0006">Herbivores can modulate the wound‐induced release of GLVs</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>669</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>VI.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0007">Fungal infection greatly induces GLV production</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>672</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>VII.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0008">Monocots and eudicots respond differentially to different types of stress</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>673</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>VIII.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0009">The type of stress does not influence the proportion of GLVs per chemical class</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>673</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>IX.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0010">The type of stress does influence the isomeric ratio within each chemical class</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>674</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>X.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0011">GLVs: from signal perception to signal transduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>676</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>XI.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0012">GLVs influence the C/N metabolism</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>677</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>XII.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0013">Interaction with plant hormones</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>678</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>XIII.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0014">General conclusions and unanswered questions</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>678</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td /> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-sec-0015">Acknowledgements</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>679</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td /> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph14671-bibl-0001">References</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>679</jats:td> </jats:tr> </jats:tbody> </jats:table> </jats:table-wrap> </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Plants respond to stress by releasing biogenic volatile organic compounds (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BVOC</jats:styled-content>s). Green leaf volatiles (<jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content>s), which are abundantly produced across the plant kingdom, comprise an important group within the <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">BVOC</jats:styled-content>s. They can repel or attract herbivores and their natural enemies; and they can induce plant defences or prime plants for enhanced defence against herbivores and pathogens and can have direct toxic effects on bacteria and fungi. Unlike other volatiles, <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content>s are released almost instantly upon mechanical damage and (a)biotic stress and could thus function as an immediate and informative signal for many organisms in the plant's environment. We used a meta‐analysis approach in which data from the literature on <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content> production during biotic stress responses were compiled and interpreted. We identified that different types of attackers and feeding styles add a degree of complexity to the amount of emitted <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content>s, compared with wounding alone. This meta‐analysis illustrates that there is less variation in the <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content> profile than we presumed, that pathogens induce more <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content>s than insects and wounding, and that there are clear differences in <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content> emission between monocots and dicots. Besides the meta‐analysis, this review provides an update on recent insights into the perception and signalling of <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">GLV</jats:styled-content>s in plants.</jats:p></jats:sec>