Fever Patterns, Cytokine Profiles, and Outcomes in COVID-19

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Background</jats:title> <jats:p>Prolonged fever is associated with adverse outcomes in dengue viral infection. Similar fever patterns are observed in COVID-19 with unclear significance.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Methods</jats:title> <jats:p>We conducted a hospital-based case–control study of patients admitted for COVID-19 with prolonged fever (fever &gt;7 days) and saddleback fever (recurrence of fever, lasting &lt;24 hours, after defervescence beyond day 7 of illness). Fever was defined as a temperature of ≥38.0°C. Cytokines were determined with multiplex microbead-based immunoassay for a subgroup of patients. Adverse outcomes were hypoxia, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, and mortality.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Results</jats:title> <jats:p>A total of 142 patients were included in the study; 12.7% (18/142) of cases had prolonged fever, and 9.9% (14/142) had saddleback fever. Those with prolonged fever had a median duration of fever (interquartile range [IQR]) of 10 (9–11) days for prolonged fever cases, while fever recurred at a median (IQR) of 10 (8–12) days for those with saddleback fever. Both prolonged (27.8% vs 0.9%; P &lt; .01) and saddleback fever (14.3% vs 0.9%; P = .03) were associated with hypoxia compared with controls. Cases with prolonged fever were also more likely to require ICU admission compared with controls (11.1% vs 0.9%; P = .05). Patients with prolonged fever had higher induced protein–10 and lower interleukin-1α levels compared with those with saddleback fever at the early acute phase of disease.</jats:p> </jats:sec> <jats:sec> <jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title> <jats:p>Prolonged fever beyond 7 days from onset of illness can identify patients who may be at risk of adverse outcomes from COVID-19. Patients with saddleback fever appeared to have good outcomes regardless of the fever.</jats:p> </jats:sec>