Behavioural Responses of Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkeys (Rhinopithecus bieti) to Tourists in a Provisioned Monkey Group in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve

<jats:p>The appearance of tourists brings about behavioural changes in some primates. Primate behavioural responses to human activities can reflect their survival strategy. Little is known about how the behaviour of <jats:italic>Rhinopithecus bieti</jats:italic> changes in the presence of tourists. Here we provide the first detailed description of interactions between a provisioned group of <jats:italic>R. bieti</jats:italic> and tourists at Xiangguqing in Baimaxueshan Nature Reserve from July 2012 to June 2013. We found that <jats:italic>R. bieti</jats:italic> had different response rates to the 5 most common human actions (shout, photograph, offer food, clap, and wave). Results indicated that <jats:italic>R. bieti</jats:italic> expresses 10 behavioural reactions (threat, escape, vigilance, warning, panic, alliance, attack, foraging, approach, and staring) to tourists' actions. On the whole, most of the monkeys' responses were unfriendly or hostile; a small number were neutral and affiliative. Behavioural responses were also significantly different among the different age/sex classes. Immature individuals engaged in more affiliative behaviours than adult individuals, and adult males tended towards more hostile behaviours. The behaviour of <jats:italic>R. bieti</jats:italic> towards tourists showed both tension and adaptability. Scientific management of provisioned monkey groups and strict regulation of tourist behaviour is needed in order to protect the animals from the negative effects of tourism-related disturbance.</jats:p>