The Hidden World within Plants: Ecological and Evolutionary Considerations for Defining Functioning of Microbial Endophytes

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  • Pablo R. Hardoim
    Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
  • Leonard S. van Overbeek
    Plant Research International, Wageningen, The Netherlands
  • Gabriele Berg
    Institute for Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
  • Anna Maria Pirttilä
    Department of Biology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
  • Stéphane Compant
    Department of Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria
  • Andrea Campisano
    Sustainable Agro-Ecosystems and Bioresources Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
  • Matthias Döring
    Institut für Pflanzenkultur, Schnega, Germany
  • Angela Sessitsch
    Department of Health and Environment, Bioresources Unit, Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Tulln, Austria

Abstract

<jats:title>SUMMARY</jats:title><jats:p>All plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. These microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. The increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. The nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. This depends on a set of abiotic and biotic factors, including the genotypes of plants and microbes, environmental conditions, and the dynamic network of interactions within the plant biome. In this review, we address the concept of endophytism, considering the latest insights into evolution, plant ecosystem functioning, and multipartite interactions.</jats:p>

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