c-Src Mediates Thrombin-Induced NF-κB Activation and IL-8/CXCL8 Expression in Lung Epithelial Cells

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:p>In this study, we examined the regulation of NF-κB activation and IL-8/CXCL8 expression by thrombin in human lung epithelial cells (EC). Thrombin caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-8/CXCL8 release in a human lung EC line (A549) and primary normal human bronchial EC. In A549 cells, thrombin, SFLLRN-NH2 (a protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) agonist peptide), and GYPGQV-NH2 (a PAR4 agonist peptide), but not TFRGAP-NH2 (a PAR3 agonist peptide), induced an increase in IL-8/CXCL8-luciferase (Luc) activity. The thrombin-induced IL-8/CXCL8 release was attenuated by d-phenylalanyl-l-prolyl-l-arginine chloromethyl ketone (a thrombin inhibitor), U73122 (a phosphoinositide-phospholipase C inhibitor), Ro-32-0432 (a protein kinsase C α (PKCα) inhibitor), an NF-κB inhibitor peptide, and Bay 117082 (an IκB phosphorylation inhibitor). Thrombin-induced increase in IL-8/CXCL8-Luc activity was inhibited by the dominant-negative mutant of c-Src and the cells transfected with the κB site mutation of the IL-8/CXCL8 construct. Thrombin caused time-dependent increases in phosphorylation of c-Src at tyrosine 416 and c-Src activity. Thrombin-elicited c-Src activity was inhibited by Ro-32-0432. Stimulation of cells with thrombin activated IκB kinase αβ (IKKαβ), IκBα phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p50 and p65 translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus, NF-κB-specific DNA-protein complex formation, and κB-Luc activity. Pretreatment of A549 cells with Ro-32-4032 and the dominant-negative mutant of c-Src DN inhibited thrombin-induced IKKαβ activity, κB-Luc activity, and NF-κB-specific DNA-protein complex formation. Further studies revealed that thrombin induced PKCα, c-Src, and IKKαβ complex formation. These results show for the first time that thrombin, acting through PAR1 and PAR4, activates the phosphoinositide-phospholipase C/PKCα/c-Src/IKKαβ signaling pathway to induce NF-κB activation, which in turn induces IL-8/CXCL8 expression and release in human lung EC.</jats:p>