Microbial Penetration through Nutrient-Saturated Berea Sandstone

<jats:p> Penetration times and penetration rates for a motile <jats:italic>Bacillus</jats:italic> strain growing in nutrient-saturated Berea sandstone cores were determined. The rate of penetration was essentially independent of permeabilities above 100 mdarcys and rapidly declined for permeabilities below 100 mdarcys. It was found that these penetration rates could be grouped into two statistically distinct classes consisting of rates for permeabilities above 100 mdarcys and rates for those below 100 mdarcys. Instantaneous penetration rates were found to be zero order with respect to core length for cores with permeabilities above 100 mdarcys and first order with respect to core length for cores with permeabilities below 100 mdarcys. The maximum observed penetration rate was 0.47 cm � h <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> , and the slowest was 0.06 cm � h <jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> ; however, these rates may be underestimates of the true penetration rate, since the observed rates included the time required for growth in the flask as well as the core. The relationship of penetration time to the square of the length of the core suggested that cells penetrated high-permeability cores as a band and low-permeability cores in a diffuse fashion. The motile <jats:italic>Enterobacter aerogenes</jats:italic> strain penetrated Berea sandstone cores three to eight times faster than did the nonmotile <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae</jats:italic> strain when cores of comparable length and permeability were used. A penetration mechanism based entirely on motility predicted penetration times that were in agreement with the observed penetration times for motile strains. The fact that nonmotile strains penetrated the cores suggested that filamentous or unrestricted growth, or both, may also be important. </jats:p>