High Local Concentrations and Effects on Differentiation Implicate Interleukin‐6 as a Paracrine Regulator

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Objective</jats:italic>: To examine the possibility that interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) can act as a paracrine regulator in adipose tissue by examining effects on adipogenic genes and measuring interstitial IL‐6 concentrations in situ.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Research Methods and Procedures</jats:italic>: Circulating and interstitial IL‐6 concentrations in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue were measured using the calibrated microdialysis technique in 20 healthy male subjects. The effects of adipose cell enlargement on gene expression and IL‐6 secretion were examined, as well as the effect of IL‐6 in vitro on gene expression of adiponectin and other markers of adipocyte differentiation.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results</jats:italic>: The IL‐6 concentration in the interstitial fluid was ∼100‐fold higher than that in plasma, suggesting that IL‐6 may be a paracrine regulator of adipose tissue. This was further supported by the finding that adding IL‐6 in vitro at similar concentrations down‐regulated the expression of <jats:italic>adiponectin, aP2</jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PPAR</jats:italic>γ<jats:italic>‐2</jats:italic> in cultured human adipose tissue. In addition, gene expression and release of IL‐6, both in vivo and in vitro, correlated with adipose cell size.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Discussion</jats:italic>: These data suggest that IL‐6 may be a paracrine regulator of adipose tissue. Furthermore, increased adipose tissue production of IL‐6 after hypertrophic enlargement of the adipose cells may detrimentally affect systemic insulin action by inducing adipose tissue dysfunction with impaired differentiation of the pre‐adipocytes and/or adipocytes and lower adiponectin.</jats:p>