Evolution at the tips: <i>Asclepias</i> phylogenomics and new perspectives on leaf surfaces

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  • Mark Fishbein
    Department of Plant Biology, Ecology & Evolution Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA
  • Shannon C. K. Straub
    Department of Biology Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva NY 14456 USA
  • Julien Boutte
    Department of Biology Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva NY 14456 USA
  • Kimberly Hansen
    Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
  • Richard C. Cronn
    Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Corvallis OR 97331 USA
  • Aaron Liston
    Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA

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<jats:sec><jats:title>Premise of the Study</jats:title><jats:p>Leaf surface traits, such as trichome density and wax production, mediate important ecological processes such as anti‐herbivory defense and water‐use efficiency. We present a phylogenetic analysis of <jats:italic>Asclepias</jats:italic> plastomes as a framework for analyzing the evolution of trichome density and presence of epicuticular waxes.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods</jats:title><jats:p>We produced a maximum‐likelihood phylogeny using plastomes of 103 species of <jats:italic>Asclepias</jats:italic>. We reconstructed ancestral states and used model comparisons in a likelihood framework to analyze character evolution across <jats:italic>Asclepias</jats:italic>.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Key Results</jats:title><jats:p>We resolved the backbone of <jats:italic>Asclepias</jats:italic>, placing the Sonoran Desert clade and Incarnatae clade as successive sisters to the remaining species. We present novel findings about leaf surface evolution of <jats:italic>Asclepias</jats:italic>—the ancestor is reconstructed as waxless and sparsely hairy, a macroevolutionary optimal trichome density is supported, and the rate of evolution of trichome density has accelerated.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Increased sampling and selection of best‐fitting models of evolution provide more resolved and robust estimates of phylogeny and character evolution than obtained in previous studies. Evolutionary inferences are more sensitive to character coding than model selection.</jats:p></jats:sec>

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