Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

<jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the epidemiology of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims</jats:title><jats:p>To estimate the prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Survey Initiative.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method</jats:title><jats:p>An ADHD screen was administered to respondents aged 18–44 years in ten countries in the Americas, Europe and the Middle East (<jats:italic>n</jats:italic>=11422). Masked clinical reappraisal interviews were administered to 154 US respondents to calibrate the screen. Multiple imputation was used to estimate prevalence and correlates based on the assumption of cross-national calibration comparability.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>Estimates of ADHD prevalence averaged 3.4% (range 1.2–7.3%), with lower prevalence in lower-income countries (1.9%) compared with higher-income countries (4.2%). Adult ADHD often co-occurs with other DSM-IV disorders and is associated with considerable role disability. Few cases are treated for ADHD, but in many cases treatment is given for comorbid disorders.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions</jats:title><jats:p>Adult ADHD should be considered more seriously in future epidemiological and clinical studies than is currently the case.</jats:p></jats:sec>