p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Controls NF-κB Transcriptional Activation and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Production through RelA Phosphorylation Mediated by Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase 1 in Response to<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i>Antigens

<jats:title>ABSTRACT</jats:title><jats:p>The interaction of<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi</jats:italic>, the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis, with phagocytic cells induces the activation of NF-κB and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi</jats:italic>-induced TNF-α production is also dependent on the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase. The specific contribution of these signaling pathways to the response of phagocytic cells to the spirochete and the molecular mechanisms underlying this response remain unresolved. We now show that p38 MAP kinase activity regulates the transcriptional activation of NF-κB in response to spirochetal lysate stimulation of phagocytic cells. The regulation occurs at the nuclear level and is independent of the translocation of the transcription factor to the nucleus or its capacity to bind to specific DNA target sequences. In RAW264.7 cells, p38α MAP kinase regulates the phosphorylation of NF-κB RelA. p38 MAP kinase phosphorylates the nuclear kinase mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). MSK1 in turn phosphorylates the transcriptionally active subunit of NF-κB, RelA. The repression of MSK1 expression with small interfering RNA results in reduced RelA phosphorylation and a significant decrease in the production of TNF-α in response to<jats:italic>B. burgdorferi</jats:italic>lysates. Overall, these results clarify the contribution of the signaling pathways that are activated in response to the interaction of spirochetes with phagocytic cells to TNF-α production. Our results situate p38 MAP kinase activity as a central regulator of the phagocytic proinflammatory response through MSK1-mediated transcriptional activation of the transcription factor NF-κB.</jats:p>