Nematode effector proteins: an emerging paradigm of parasitism

<jats:title>Summary</jats:title><jats:p>Phytonematodes use a stylet and secreted effectors to modify host cells and ingest nutrients to support their growth and development. The molecular function of nematode effectors is currently the subject of intense investigation. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of nematode effectors, with a particular focus on proteinaceous stylet‐secreted effectors of sedentary endoparasitic phytonematodes, for which a wealth of information has surfaced in the past 10 yr. We provide an update on the effector repertoires of several of the most economically important genera of phytonematodes and discuss current approaches to dissecting their function. Lastly, we highlight the latest breakthroughs in effector discovery that promise to shed new light on effector diversity and function across the phylum <jats:styled-content style="fixed-case">N</jats:styled-content>ematoda.</jats:p><jats:p><jats:table-wrap position="anchor"> <jats:table frame="void"> <jats:col/> <jats:col/> <jats:col/> <jats:thead> <jats:tr> <jats:th/> <jats:th>Contents</jats:th> <jats:th/> </jats:tr> </jats:thead> <jats:tbody> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td>Summary</jats:td> <jats:td>879</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>I.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0002">Introduction</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>879</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>II.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0003">Nematode effector regulation and delivery into host cells</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>881</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>III.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0004">Nematode effectors as probes of plant cell biology</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>883</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>IV.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0008">Functional characterization of effectors</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>885</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>V.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0011">Cell cycle and cytoskeleton</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>885</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>VI.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0016">New approaches for effector identification</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>888</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td>VII.</jats:td> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0017">A global perspective of nematode effector function</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>889</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-sec-0018">Acknowledgements</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>890</jats:td> </jats:tr> <jats:tr> <jats:td/> <jats:td><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#nph12323-bibl-0001">References</jats:ext-link></jats:td> <jats:td>890</jats:td> </jats:tr> </jats:tbody> </jats:table> </jats:table-wrap> </jats:p>