Niacin ameliorates oxidative stress, inflammation, proteinuria, and hypertension in rats with chronic renal failure

<jats:p> Significant reduction of renal mass causes progressive deterioration of renal function and structure which is mediated by systemic and glomerular hypertension, hyperfiltration, oxidative stress, inflammation, and dyslipidemia. Niacin is known to improve lipid metabolism and exert antioxidant/anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, we considered that niacin supplementation may attenuate oxidative stress, inflammation, and tissue injury in the remnant kidney. To this end, [Formula: see text] nephrectomized [chronic kidney disease (CKD)] rats were randomly assigned to niacin-treated (50 mg·kg<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup>·day<jats:sup>−1</jats:sup> in the drinking water for 12 wk) and untreated groups. Sham-operated rats served as controls. The untreated CKD rats exhibited azotemia, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial damage, upregulation of MCP-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, and NAD(P)H oxidase (NOX-4, gp91<jats:sup>phox</jats:sup>, p47<jats:sup>phox</jats:sup> and p22<jats:sup>phox</jats:sup> subunits) and activation of NF-κB (IκB phosphorylation). Niacin administration reduced MCP-1, PAI-1, TGF-β, p47<jats:sup>phox</jats:sup>, p22<jats:sup>phox</jats:sup>, COX-1, and NF-κB activation, ameliorated hypertension, proteinuria, glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial injury. Although niacin lowered serum creatinine and raised creatinine clearance, the differences did not reach statistical significance. Thus niacin supplementation helps to attenuate histological injury and mitigate upregulation of oxidative and inflammatory systems in the remnant kidney. </jats:p>