Japanese Encephalitis Virus wild strain infection suppresses dendritic cells maturation and function, and causes the expansion of regulatory T cells

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background</jats:title><jats:p>Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) accounts for acute illness and death. However, few studies have been conducted to unveil the potential pathogenesis mechanism of JEV. Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most prominent antigen-presenting cells (APCs) which induce dual humoral and cellular responses. Thus, the investigation of the interaction between JEV and DCs may be helpful for resolving the mechanism of viral escape from immune surveillance and JE pathogenesis.</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p>We examined the alterations of phenotype and function of DCs including bone marrow-derived DCs (bmDCs)<jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>and spleen-derived DCs (spDCs)<jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>due to JEV P3 wild strain infection. Our results showed that JEV P3 infected DCs<jats:italic>in vitro</jats:italic>and<jats:italic>in vivo</jats:italic>. The viral infection inhibited the expression of cell maturation surface markers (CD40, CD80 and CD83) and MHC, and impaired the ability of P3-infected DCs for activating allogeneic naive T cells. In addition, P3 infection suppressed the expression of interferon (IFN)-α and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α but enhanced the production of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) and interleukin (IL)-10 of DCs. The infected DCs expanded the population of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Treg).</jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p>JEV P3 infection of DCs impaired cell maturation and T cell activation, modulated cytokine productions and expanded regulatory T cells, suggesting a possible mechanism of JE development.</jats:p></jats:sec>