Fertility and Risk Factors for Elevated Infertility Concern in 10-Year Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Survivors and Case-Matched Controls

<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose</jats:title><jats:p> To describe fertility status and the prevalence of and risk factors for elevated infertility concern in 10-year adult cancer survivors who underwent myeloablative stem cell transplant (SCT). </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Patients and Methods</jats:title><jats:p> Perceived fertility status, conception efforts, and infertility concern were reported before transplant and after 10 years by 120 cancer survivors who received myeloablative SCT and their case-matched controls. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results</jats:title><jats:p> Respondents (including cases and controls) were predominantly white and married. Sex, age, race, ethnicity and education level were case matched. Four survivors (all males) conceived after completing cancer treatment, one with unassisted conception. Twenty-two percent of survivors compared with 9% of controls reported that they had looked into family-building options because of infertility (P = .009). Fourteen survivors (12%) compared with eight controls (7%) indicated that they had tried unsuccessfully to have children in the previous 10 years (P = not significant). One quarter of survivors had moderate to high levels of concern about infertility, compared with 7% of controls. A majority of survivors younger than age 40 years (n = 20; 54%) expressed elevated infertility concern. Survivors without children before transplant had greater risk of elevated concern after 10 years (odds ratio, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.93 to 11.30; P = .05). Although female controls were more likely to express elevated infertility concern (P = .007), sex did not discriminate concern among survivors. </jats:p></jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion</jats:title><jats:p> The prevalence of infertility and related concerns is higher among long-term SCT survivors than among age-, sex-, and education-matched controls. Younger SCT recipients and those without children have persistent fertility-related needs even 10 years after treatment. </jats:p></jats:sec>