Reconstructed evolution of insulin receptors in insects reveals duplications in early insects and cockroaches

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Social insects show an extreme degree of phenotypic plasticity. In highly eusocial species, this manifests in the generation of distinct castes with extreme differences in both morphology and life span. The molecular basis of these differences is highly entangled and not fully understood, but several recent studies demonstrated that insulin/insulin‐like growth factor signaling (IIS) is one of the key pathways. Here, we investigate the molecular evolution of insect insulin receptors (InRs), which are membrane‐bound dimers that enable IIS by relaying extracellular signals to intracellular signaling cascades. Classic models of invertebrate IIS include only one <jats:italic>InR</jats:italic> gene, but some recent studies on less commonly studied insects have found two InRs, which act in an antagonistic manner to facilitate polyphenism in at least one documented case. We search 22 arthropod genomes and identify several <jats:italic>InR</jats:italic> copies and their evolutionary origin that were lacking from previous annotations. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the two insect <jats:italic>InR</jats:italic> genes date back at least 400 million years to a common ancestor of winged insects. Most notably, we also identified the evolutionary origin of a third <jats:italic>InR</jats:italic> copy that is unique to the clade of Blattodea, just before therein the eusocial termites evolved. One of the InR paralogs consistently shows caste‐biased expression in all three termites, which strongly suggests a role in caste differentiation. These results have important ramifications for past and future InR inhibition/<jats:italic>InR</jats:italic> knockdown experiments in insects and they provide a set of key genes regulating life span and morphology in termite castes.</jats:p>