Recent Studies on the Precise Crystal-Structural Analyses of Martensitic Transformations

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Recent studies on the martensitic transformations by precise crystal-structural analyses have been reviewed. Crystal structures of the B19′ and ζ′2 martensites in Ti–Ni and Au–Cd alloys, respectively, which had been controversial for a long time because of their complexity, and the γ′1 and γ′2 martensites in Cu–Al–Ni and Au–Cd alloys, respectively, have been unambiguously identified in a straightforward manner by the single crystal four-circle X-ray diffraction method. Moreover, by means of a newly developed structural analysis called ALCHEMI, the site occupancies of Ni atoms in Cu–Al–Ni alloys, Cu and Zn atoms in Cu–Au–Zn and Cu–Zn–Al alloys and various third X elements in Ti–Ni–X alloys have uniquely been determined, which are generally difficult to be determined by conventional X-ray and electron diffraction because of the similarity in atomic scattering factors of the atoms involved or of their small amounts contained. On the other hand, a new intermediate phase was found in a very narrow temperature range above Ms temperature for the fcc to fct transformation in Fe–Pd alloys owing to an accurate temperature control. Interesting phenomena were also found in some alloys such as Ti–Ni–Fe, Ni–Al, Fe–Pt and Cu–Fe through extensive and precise structural analyses. The exact crystallographic data obtained for these martensites will be indispensable to elucidate the origins and the mechanisms of the respective martensitic transformations. Precise crystal-structural analyses for some shape memory alloys were shown to serve for understanding the origins of the aging effects in the alloys.

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