Annotation for Writer's Attitude based on Hierarchical Semantics

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  • 階層意味論に基づいた心的態度のアノテーション
  • カイソウ イミロン ニ モトズイタ シンテキ タイド ノ アノテーション

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In this paper, we examine Hierarchical Semantics for an annotation of a writer’s attitude toward a proposition in Japanese text. Hierarchical Semantics defines a universal semantic structure composed of a “proposition” and a “modality”. A modality is known as a linguistic concept of writer’s attitude and there are some linguistic modality theories which have been adopted in previous works. But the theories cover only grammatical forms because they are grammatical theories. On the other hand, Hierarchical Semantics defines modality not as syntax but semantics. The semantic definition is more useful to cover all of writer’s attitudes than the syntactic definition since there is hardly any excess formal condition. To confirm whether we can annotate the semantic information consistently, we examined the degree of consistency among Japanese native speakers’ annotations of truth, value and deontic judgments on Japanese newspaper editorials. The result shows that Fleiss’s kappa coefficients of truth, value and deontic judgments between them are 0.49, 0.28 and 0.70. The one of truth judgment can be increased to 0.58 by removing propositions which are inappropriate to ask the truth-value. In addition, these coefficients were 0.50, 0.28 and 0.53 even when we removed propositions which syntactically depend on a modal form or a subjective expression. It means that Japanese native speakers understand a writer’s attitude consistently even when it cannot be explained by lexcical or grammatical rules.

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