アメリカ合衆国マンザナールの日本人強制収容所に造られた日本庭園（1943-）

Five months after Pearl Harbor, in February of 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066, which authorized the U.S. military to evacuate any and all persons from "military areas" and the army issued its first Civilian Exclusion Orders, requiring that "all Japanese persons, both alien and non-alien, will be evacuated" to "relocation camps" in March. By the end of the war in 1945, 119,893 Japanese were sent to the camps. Once an exclusion order was issued, Japanese were not allowed to keep their house or business, and they were not provided any place to keep their assets. The evacuees were required to liquidate their assets in few days, and gather whatever possessions they could carry.<br>When American-Japanese reached the camps, they saw spare, prison-like compounds situated on sun-baked deserts, dotted with watchtowers and surrounded by barbed wire. Life in the camps had a military flavour; interments slept in barracks with no running water, took their meals in vast mess halls, and went about daily labour. When Japanese were confined in the internment camp, though, they still created gardens on the barren land surrounded by hedgehog.<br>Manzanar was the biggest camp among the ten internment camps used during the war in U.S. The camp consisted of thirty-six blocks of wooden barracks, once imprisoning 10,046 men, women, and children. Many gardens were created in Manzanar, including a big strolling garden whose remnant of a big pond with carefully placed rocks still remains. The Japanese imprisoned in the internment camp made such gardens to keep a hope to live in this world. When Japanese suffered from the racial discrimination and harsh labour on the barren land, and when being a Japanese could be fatal crime, they made a Japanese garden gathering their remaining little materials and their human power. This paper will first introduce Japanese internment camps in US and gardens in Manzanar, and then analyze their design concepts and influences.