Pheophytin a and Chlorophyll a Identified from Environmentally Friendly Cultivation of Green Pepper Enhance Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ in Peyer's Patches ex Vivo

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  • Pyo Myoung-Yun
    Department of Hygiene, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University
  • Park Bo-kyung
    Laboratory of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University
  • Choi Jeong June
    Natural Products Research Institute, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion
  • Yang Mihi
    Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University
  • Yang Hyun Ok
    Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute
  • Cha Jin Wook
    Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology (KIST) Gangneung Institute
  • Kim Jin-Cheol
    Bio-Control Research Team, Chemical Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
  • Kim In Seon
    Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University
  • Lee Hyang Burm
    Environmentally Friendly Agricultural Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University
  • Jin Mirim
    Laboratory of Pathology, College of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon University

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  • Pheophytin <i>a</i> and Chlorophyll <i>a</i> Identified from Environmentally Friendly Cultivation of Green Pepper Enhance Interleukin-2 and Interferon-γ in Peyer’s Patches <i>ex Vivo</i>

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The oral consumption of capsicum has been reported to increase interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)-γ production in Peyer’s patches (PP); however, the active components responsible for these effects have not been completely identified. The beneficial biological effects of green peppers cultivated under environmentally friendly farming conditions (ECP), without the use of chemical pesticides, have rarely been compared with those of green peppers cultivated under conventional farming conditions (CCP). Oral administration of ECP extract significantly induced the production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in concanavalin A-treated cells from PP ex vivo; their levels were much higher than those in the CCP extract-treated group. A comparative analysis of the HPLC profiles indicated a 1.7-fold increase of a peak, named EF-1, at 415 nm in the ECP extract. The major component of EF-1 was identified as pheophytin a, which is a chlorophyll a molecule lacking a central Mg2+ ion, as determined from NMR data. Intake of pheophytin a and chlorophyll a significantly increased IL-2 and IFN-γ production, and the percentage of IL-2- and IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T-cells in PP. Taken together, our data suggest that ECPs produce a higher content of pheophytin a than CCPs, and pheophytin a and chlorophyll a are immune-modulating components in green vegetables.

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