Reporter gene mutation in the livers of gpt delta mice treated with 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, a contaminant of various foods

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  • Matsushita Kohei
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Ishii Yuji
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Kijima Aki
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Jin Meilan
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Takasu Shinji
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Kuroda Ken
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Kodama Yukio
    Division of Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Ogawa Kumiko
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences
  • Umemura Takashi
    Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences

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  • Reporter gene mutation in the livers of <i>gpt</i> delta mice treated with 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural, a contaminant of various foods

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A major product formed during the Maillard reaction is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfural (HMF), which is present in various foods and beverages such as honey and fruit juice. HMF was shown to be a hepatocarcinogen in female mice using long-term bioassays. Although HMF is not a mutagen in conventional in vitro mutation assays, 5-sulfoxymethylfurfural (SMF), a reactive metabolite of HMF produced following sulfotransferase conjugation, does show mutagenicity. Thus, HMF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis likely involves genotoxic mechanisms. To clarify the mechanisms underlying HMF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, female B6C3F1 gpt delta mice were given HMF at carcinogenic doses (188 or 375 mg/kg b.w.) by gavage for 5 days per week for 4 weeks. This treatment produced no significant differences in mutant frequencies (MFs) of gpt and red/gam (Spi-) genes among the groups. These results suggest that genotoxicity does not contribute to HMF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Parameters related to cell proliferation, such as proliferation cell nuclear antigen-labeling index and Cyclin D1 and E1 mRNA expression, exhibited no significant changes in the livers of HMF-treated groups. In view of the lack of carcinogenicity in rats, HMF may be considered to be a weak carcinogen. These results help us to understand the underlying mechanisms of action of HMF carcinogenesis.

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